Talhah ibn Ubaydullah (Islamic Article)

Talhah ibn Ubaydullah

This article appeared in Hudaa magazine, November 1995. Hudaa is being published on the Web - check it at www.qss.org/publications/hudaa/list.html

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Returning to Makkah in haste after a trading trip to Syria, Talhah asked his family, "Did anything happen in Makkah since we left?"  "Yes," they replied.  "Muhammad ibn Abdullah emerged alleging that he is a Prophet and Abu Quhafah (Abu Bakr) has followed him."

"I used to know Abu Bakr," said Talhah.  "He is an easy-going, amiable, gentle man.  He was an honest and upright trader.  We were quite fond of him and loved sitting in his company because of his knowledge of Quraysh history and genealogy."

Later, Talhah went to Abu Bakr and asked, "Is it true what they say, that Muhammad ibn Abdullah has appeared as a Prophet and that you follow him?"  "Yes," replied Abu Bakr, and went on to tell Talhah about Muhammad and what a good thing it would be if he too followed him.  Talhah in turn told Abu Bakr the story of his strange recent encounter with an ascetic in the market-place of Busra in Syria.  The ascetic is said to have told Talhah that someone called "Ahmad" would appear in Makkah about that time and that he would be the last of the Prophets.  He also told Talhah, so the story goes, that the Prophet would leave the sacred precincts of Makkah and migrate to a land of black soil, water and palm trees.

Abu Bakr was astonished by the story and took Talhah to Muhammad.  The Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, explained Islâm to Talhah and recited some portions of the Qur'ân to him.  Talhah was enthusiastic.  He related to the Prophet his conversation with the ascetic of Busra. There and then, Talhah pronounced the shahaadah - that there is no deity worthy of worship except Allaah, and that Muhammad is the Messenger of Allaah.  He was the fourth person who had been introduced to Islaam by Abu Bakr.

The Quraysh were astounded by the young Talhah's acceptance of Islâm.  The one who was most dismayed and unhappy was his mother.  She had hoped that he would one day be a leader in his community because of his noble character and his outstanding virtues.  Some of the Quraysh, anxious and worried, went to Talhah as soon as they could to wean him away from his new religion but found him as firm and unshakeable as a rock.  When they despaired of using gentle persuasion to achieve their aim, they resorted to persecution and violence.  The following story is related by Mas'ood ibn Kharash:

"While I was making saiy between as-Safa and al-Marwa, there appeared a crowd of people pushing a young man whose hands were tied behind his back.  As they rushed behind him, they rained down blows on his head.  In the crowd was an old woman who lashed him repeatedly and shouted abuses at him.  I asked, 'What's the matter with this young man?'

'This is Talhah ibn Ubaydullah.  He gave up his religion and now follows the Banu Hashim man.'

'And who is the woman behind him?' I asked.

'She is as-Sabah bint al-Hadrami, the young man's mother,' they said.

"The Quraysh did not stop there. Nawfal ibn Khuwaylid, nicknamed the 'lion of the Quraysh', bound Talhah with a rope and with the same rope he tied up Abu Bakr and then handed them over to the mindless and violent mob of Makkah to be beaten and tortured.  The shared experience no doubt drew Talhah and Abu Bakr closer together! Years passed and events of great significance took place.  Talhah grew in stature as he bore the pain and suffering of being tested in the path of Allaah, the Most Great and His Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam.  He gained the unique reputation among Muslims of being 'the living martyr'.  The Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, also called him 'Talhah the Good' and 'Talhah the Generous'.

The name of 'the living martyr' was earned during the Battle of Uhud.  Talhah had missed the Battle of Badr.  He and Said ibn Zayd had been sent outside Madinah on a mission by the Prophet and when they returned, the Prophet and his companions were already on the way back from Badr. They were both sad at having missed the opportunity of taking part in the first campaign with the Prophet but were tremendously pleased when he told them they would get the same reward as those who actually fought.

At the Battle of Uhud, when the Muslims fell into disarray at the beginning of hostilities, the Prophet became dangerously exposed.  There were about eleven men of the Ansar at his side and one Muaajir: Talhah ibn Ubaydullaah.  The Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, shouted, "The one who repulses these people from us will be my companion in Paradise."

"I will, O Messenger of Allaah," shouted Talhah.

"No, stick to your position," replied the Prophet.  A man from the Ansar volunteered and the Prophet agreed.  He fought until he was killed.  The Prophet went further up the mountain with the mushrikeen still in close pursuit. "Isn't there someone to combat them?" he asked.  Talhah again volunteered but the Prophet ordered him to maintain his position.  Another person immediately came forward, fought and was killed.  This continued until everyone who stood by the Prophet was martyred except Talhah.

"Now, yes," signalled the Prophet, and Talhah went into battle.  By this time, the Prophet's tooth had been broken, his forehead slashed, his lips wounded and blood was streaming down his face.  He was drained of energy. Talhah plunged into the enemy and pushed them away from the Prophet.  He turned back to the Prophet and helped him a little further up the mountain and put him to lie on the ground.  He then renewed his attack and successfully repulsed the enemy.  About this occasion Abu Bakr said, "At that moment, Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah and I were far from the Prophet.  When we came close to him to render assistance to him, the Prophet said, 'Leave me and go to your companion (meaning Talhah).'"

There was Talhah, bleeding profusely.  He had numerous wounds, from sword, spear and arrow.  His foot had been cut and he had fallen into a hollow where he lay unconscious.

Thereafter, the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, said, "Whoever would like to see a man still walking on earth who has completed his span (of life), let him look at Talhah ibn Ubaydullah."

And, whenever Uhud was recalled, Abu Bakr as-Siddiq, raddi Allaahu anhu, would say, "That day, that entire day, belonged to Talhah."

That was the story of how Talhah earned the title of 'the living martyr'.  There were innumerable incidents which led to him being called 'Talhah the Good' and 'Talhah the Generous'.

Talhah was an astute and successful merchant who travelled widely to the north and south of the Arabian peninsula.  It is said that after one of his trips to Hadramawt, he had profits amounting to some seven hundred thousand dirhams.  His nights would be anxious and worried on account of this vast wealth.  On one such night, his wife, Umm Kulthum the daughter of Abu Bakr, said to him, "What's wrong with you, O Abu Muhammad?  Perhaps I have done something to hurt you?"

"No," replied Talhah.  "You are a wonderful wife for a Muslim man.  But I have been thinking since last night: how can a man think of his Lord and Sustainer when he goes to sleep with this wealth in his house?"

"Why should it bother you so much?" enquired Umm Kulthum.  "What about all the needy ones in your community and all your friends?  When you get up in the morning share it out among them."

"May Allaah bless you.  You are really marvellous, the daughter of a marvellous man," said Talhah to his wife.  In the morning, Talhah gathered up the money in bags and distributed it among the poor Muhaajireen and Ansar.

It is related that a man came up to Talhah requesting help and also mentioning some common family connection between them both.  "This family connection has been mentioned to me before," said Talhah who was in fact known for his generosity to all members of his clan.  Talhah told the man that he had just sold a piece of land to Uthman ibn Affan for several thousand dirhams.  The man could have the money or the land which could be re-purchased from Uthman.  The man opted for the money and Talhah gave it all to him.

Talhah was well-known for helping people who had debt problems, heads of families who experienced hardship, and widows.  One of his friends, as-Saib ibn Zayd, said of him, "I accompanied Talhah ibn Ubaydullah on journeys and I stayed with him at home, and I have not found anyone who was more generous with money, clothes and food than Talhah."  No wonder he was called 'Talhah the Good' and 'Talhah the Generous'!

The name Talhah is also connected with the first fitnah of civil war among Muslims after the death of the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam.  The seeds of trouble were sown during the caliphate of Uthman ibn Affan.  There were many complaints and accusations against Uthman.  Some mischief-makers were not content with accusations alone, but were determined to finish him off.  In the year 35 AH (656 CE) a group of insurgents stormed Uthman's house and murdered him while he was reading the Qur'ân.  It was one of the most shocking events in the early history of Islâm.

Alee was persuaded to accept the responsibility of the Caliphate and all Muslims swore allegiance to him, including Talhah and Zubayr ibn al-Awwam.  Talhah and Zubayr were deeply shocked by the murder of Uthman.  They were horrified and felt strongly that the murderers should be punished and that justice should be done.  But the punishment of the murderers was not an easy task in as much as the crime was not just the work of a few individuals but involved a large number of persons.

Talhah and Zubayr sought Ali's permission to go to Makkah to perform Umrah.  They met Aishah the wife of the Prophet, raddi Allaahu anha.  She was greatly shocked when she heard of the assassination of Uthman.  From Makkah, Talhah, Zubayr and Aishah set off for Basrah where large numbers were gathering to seek revenge for the death of Uthman.

The forces gathered at Basrah seemed to present an open challenge to Alee.  As the caliph of the Muslims and the head of the entire Muslim State, he could not tolerate any insurrection or armed revolt against the State.  But what a difficult and awesome task he faced!  To deal with the revolt, he had to confront his brothers, his companions and his friends-followers of the Prophet and his religion, those who often fought side by side with him against the forces of shirk, those whom he respected and loved.

The forces clamouring for vengeance for Uthman and those supporting Alee met at a place called Kuraybah, near Basrah.  Alee desired to avoid war and settle matters by peaceful means.  He used every means at his disposal to achieve peace.  He clung to every hope of avoiding confrontation.  But the dark forces at work against Islâm, and how numerous they were, were determined that matters should come to a terrible and bloody end.

Alee wept bitterly when he saw Aishah, the 'Mother of the Believers', in her hawdaj (palanquin) astride a camel at the head of the army which now emerged to fight him. And when he saw Talhah and Zubayr, two close companions of the Prophet, in the midst of the army, he shouted to them to come out to him. They did so and Alee said to Talhah, "O Talhah, have you come with the wife of the Messenger of Allaah to fight along with her..?"  And to Zubayr he said, "O Zubayr, I implore you, by Allaah, do you remember the day when the Prophet, sallallaahu 'alayhi wa sallam, passed by you and we were in such-and-such place and he asked you 'Do you love Alee?' and you said 'Why shouldn't I love my cousin and one who follows my religion'..?"

Alee continued talking to them, reminding them of the bonds of brotherhood and faith.  In the end both Talhah and Zubayr withdrew from participation in this civil war. They withdrew immediately when they saw the situation in a different light.  But they paid for that withdrawal with their lives.

As they withdrew, a man named Amr ibn Jarmouz followed Zubayr and cowardly murdered him while he performed Salah. Talhah was killed by an arrow allegedly shot by Marwan - a cousin of Uthman who was too blinded by rage and the desire to seek revenge for his kinsman to respond to the possibility of avoiding war and bloodshed among Muslims.

The murder of Uthman had become Talhah's tryst with destiny.  He did not participate in the fighting and killing that followed, that came to be known in history as the Battle of the Camel.  Indeed, if he had known that the fitnah would have degenerated into such insane hatred and bitterness, and resulted in such a bloody outcome, he would have resisted it.  He was not keen to fight Alee.  He was simply appalled by the murder of Uthman and wanted to see justice done.  Before the beginning of the battle he had said in a voice choked with emotion: "O Lord, for the sake of Uthman, take from me this day until You are pleased."  Then when Alee faced him and Zubayr, they saw the correctness of his position and withdrew from the field of battle.  Nevertheless, in these difficult circumstances, martyrdom was reserved for them.

The Battle of the Camel came to an end.  Aishah, the Mother of the Believers, realized that she had precipitated matters and left Basrah for the Sacred Masjid, and then to Madinah, distancing herself from the conflict.  Alee provided well for her journey giving her all the comfort and honour due to her.

When the numerous dead from the battle were brought together, Alee led the funeral prayer for them all, those who supported him and those who fought him.  When he had finished burying Talhah and Zubayr he bade farewell to them with a heavy heart, a heart filled with tenderness and love.  "I really hope," he said in simple and sublime words, "that Talhah, az-Zubayr, Uthman and I will be among those of whom Allaah has said, 'And We shall remove from their hearts any lurking sense of injury and rancour; they will be brothers joyfully facing each other on thrones of dignity.' [Qur'an, al-Hijr:47]"

Then he looked tenderly and sorrowfully on the graves of his brothers in faith and said, "I have heard with these two ears of mine the Messenger of Allaah, may Allaah bless him and grant him peace, saying, 'Talhah and az- Zubayr are my companions in Paradise!'"